How does external assistance interact with the endogenous forces and mechanisms of constitution making? This paper unpacks external assistance into different forms, and applies each to the framework of drivers of constitutional design choice developed by Jon Elster in his 1995 paper 'Forces and Mechanisms of Constitution Making'.

Professor Ginsburg reflects on recent experiences in contexts as diverse as Tuvalu and Nepal, Chile and the Arab Region to discuss how external assistance impact constitutional design choices.

Professor Choudhry reflects on recent experiences in contexts as diverse as Ukraine, Sri Lanka and the Arab Region to discuss how external assistance impact constitutional design choices.

Professor Ghai provides reflections on the panel's remarks, and discusses trends and changes in his four decades of experience providing – and receiving – constitutional advice.